The treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) as a possible source of micro- and nano-plastics and bioplastics in agroecosystems: a review

Abstract Plastics fragmentation into smaller debris, namely, micro- and nano-plastics (MPs NPs), is a matter of global concern because their wide distribution in terrestrial marine environments. The latest research has focused mainly on aquatic ecosystems, bioplastics nano-particles (MBPs NBPs) not considered. distribution, concentration, fate major source MPs, NPS, MBPs NBPs agroecosystems still need to be understood. use composts sewage sludge from the organic fraction municipal solid waste (OFMSW) treatment plants as soil amendments likely represent input these debris. present review provides insights current evidence pollution both fossil- bio-origin OFMSW treatment, aims at evaluating if recycling its application fertilizer outweigh risk Huge unpredictability exists due limited numbers data quantification each possible solution. Indeed, hurdles arise difficult quantify micro-, especially nano-, particles subsequently assess concentrations environments, well bioaccumulation risks, toxic effects organisms. Graphical